Both qualitative and quantitative assessment of the patient's report of pain is essential. The qualitative assessment involves getting a description of the location, duration, and characteristics of the pain e.g. sharp, dull, burning ; as well as factors affecting the pain. Ask the patient what factors make the pain better or worse e.g. medicine, rest, walking, lying down ; . The quantitative assessment involves determining the intensity of the pain. Explain to the patient how to quantify his or her pain on a rating scale, either numeric or visual analogue, to obtain some idea of pain intensity. The scale chosen should be one that the patient is comfortable using. The same scale should be used for future comparisons See examples of pain assessment tools in Appendix A, page 61 ; Ask the patient for the level of pain present during the exam as well as worst, least and average or usual levels of pain. This will define their experience with pain. Remember that there are no "norms" to pain scales and they cannot be used to compare one patient's report of pain with another patient. For example, if a patient rates his pain as 6 on scale of 0 to 10, one cannot conclude with any validity that he she has more pain than one who rates his pain as 4 or 5, even if the cause of the pain is similar. The true value of these scales is in tracking the pain over time and evaluating changes against therapies initiated. For most patients, pain ratings of 1 to scale are indicative of mild pain, ratings of 4 to are indicative of moderate pain, and 6 or greater represents severe pain. However, it must be recognized that patients may use these scales from varying perspectives and that the pain rating should be considered in the context of the impact that pain has on daily activities and quality of life. It is also helpful to ascertain from the patient what pain level is acceptable or tolerable so both the patient and caregiver have a mutual understanding of the goals of care. 2. Assessment of pain in children needs to be tailored to the developmental level and personality of the child. The Faces Scale can be effective in.
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Microalbuminuria 200 mg dL Fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, 255 mg dL; low-density lipoprotein, 178 mg dL; high-density lipoprotein, 39 mg dL; triglycerides, 190 mg dL Family history of coronary artery disease CAD his father died of heart attack at age 60 How would you approach the treatment of hypertension in this patient? mended as first-line therapy for most patients due to results from landmark trials.3 However, any class of agents may be considered as first-line therapy depending on the individual patient situation. ACE inhibitors, -blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers ARBs ; should be considered as alternative antihypertensive drugs for patients with contraindications to treatment with thiazide diuretics. All 5 of these drug classes are considered primary antihypertensive agents, and all 5 classes have outcome data demonstrating reduced CV events.3 JNC 7 also provides direction for patients with compelling indications. These compelling indications include chronic kidney disease, diabetes, history of stroke, coronary disease, history of myocardial infarction MI ; , and heart failure. The antihypertensive drug therapy recommendation is based on the compelling indication present.3 The Need for Combination Therapy The JNC 7 guidelines recommend that combinations of antihypertensive drugs be used to initiate therapy in the large proportion of patients in whom FIGURE 4 Risk Factor Clustering with Hypertension 1 risk factor 2 risk factors 1 risk factor, for example, zocor muscle pain.
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With regard to the privilege of Army physical therapists to prescribe certain pharmacologic agents, Army Regulation 40-48 states Physical therapists who are credentialed may write prescriptions for selected medication. These medications must have been: 1 ; Approved by the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee; 2 ; Reviewed b the credentials committee; y and 3 ; Approved by the medical treatment facility cornrnander.3 Army physical therapists credentialed to order certain pharmacologic agents will first be credentialed as nonphysician health care providers for the evaluation and treatment of patients with N S dysfunctions. These physical M therapists will have completed instruction with a pharmacist and the physician supervisor, specifically discussing the pharmacological implications in medical conditions evaluated and treated by physical therapists. Interaction by the physical therapists with the pharmacy service, which includes continuing education experiences and CQI programs, and monitoring by the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee are required in facilities in which physical therapists prescribe medications.3, 6!9 The commander of the facility is the final approval authority to grant clinical privileges. This decision, with input by the chief of physical therapy, chief of pharmacy, physician supervisor of the N S program, and M the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, is based on the specific need of physical therapists serving as nonphysician health care providers to more expeditiously and efficiently perform their primary N S mission. M.
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DISCLOSURE: Jai Kishan, None. THE PREVALENCE OF LATENT PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS LTB ; IN A NORMAL AND A HIGH RISK POPULATION GROUP S. Ali MBBS * N. Chew MBBS P. Manning PhD N. Noonan MD J. Keane MD C. Bergin MD St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of screening and compare the incidence of Latent Tuberculosis LTB ; and clinical Tuberculosis in two different population groups. METHODS: We evaluated the screening data of two different groups in the country's biggest Hospital. The normal population comprised the employees joining the Hospital, while the high risk group comprised of patients suffering from HIV. The cases with positive Mantoux had been offered CXR and once found clear of TB were labelled as LTB. RESULTS: The mean age of healthy group was 38 and HIV 51 years. 1948 were men in the healthy and 207 in HIV group. The number of native Irish in these groups was 2001 and 99, while that of Non Irish was 409 and 232. The number of Non Irish patients in HIV was 232 65.9% ; from Sub Sahara, 33 9.3% ; from Europe, 4 1.1% ; from USA and 1 0.28% ; from Asia. The number of individual having LTB positive Montoux test and normal CXR ; was 765 31.7% ; in normal and 39 11.07 ; in HIV group. CONCLUSION: The data in our study indicates that a significant proportion of normal healthy population and HIV group had Latent Tuberculosis LTB ; . While the incidence of LTB was higher in the normal healthy population, the incidence of clinical TB was higher in HIV group. CHANGE OF IL-12 AND TNF-ALPHA PRODUCTIONS MEASURED BY WHOLE BLOOD CULTURE IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AFTER TREATMENT Young S. Kim MD * Jin W. Moon MD Chang H. Han MD Shin M. Kang MD Moo S. Park MD Se K. Kim MD Joon Chang MD Sung K. Kim MD Yonsei Univ College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea PURPOSE: Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases in adults, causing around 3 million deaths annually. Research on understanding the host defense and immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis is necessary because there is an urgent need for a new vaccine and adjunctive immunotherapy, particularly in patients with drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Recently, many aspects of cytokine dynamics in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis have been investigated through ex-vivo studies with specific or crude mycobacterial antigens, or M. tuberculosis. METHODS: We used whole blood culture method in order to evaluate IL-12 and TNF-alpha productions in active TB patients, tuberculin skin test positive and negative healthy controls. We investigated the productions of IL-12, TNF-alpha in response to nonspecific mitogens and M. tuberculosis specific antigens. We used many tuberculous antigens for stimulation. The tuberculous antigens are culture filtrate proteins CFP ; , purified protein derivatives PPD ; , antigen 85A M. tuberculosis proteins Ag85A ; , early secretory antigen target-6 ESAT-6 ; , 38k Dalton antigen and
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Fibrosing dermopathy NSF NFD ; following the administration of gadodiamide Omniscan ; injection. Gadodiamide is indicated for intravenous use in MRI to visualize tissues with abnormal vascularity. According to GE Healthcare, of the 25 cases, 15 were serious and involved disability with or without hospitalization, and 10 cases were non-serious with mild symptoms; furthermore, all patients had severely impaired renal function and most were receiving regular dialysis before gadodiamide administration. GE Healthcare states that, based on current evidence, no causal relationship between gadodiamide exposure and NSF NFD has been established, that NSF NFD is rapidly developing, rare, mild-todisabling, potentially fatal, and has only been reported in patients with severe renal function impairment, and that the company has received no reports of NSF NFD in patients without renal impairment or in patients with renal impairment who received only the recommended doses. GE Healthcare says that alternatives to gadodiamideenhanced magnetic resonance angiography MRA ; should be considered in patients with severe renal impairment, that gadodiamide is not approved for MRA in Canada, and that current prescribing information recommends using gadodiamide with caution in patients with renal impairment. The company is working with worldwide regulatory authorities, medical experts and reporting hospitals, to further investigate this issue. Reference: Advisories, Warnings and Recalls. Health Canada, 12 July 2006 : hc-sc.gc.
Planning a management pathway can improve time to antibiotic administration for patients admitted to hospital with communityacquired pneumonia CAP ; , according to the results of this cost-effectiveness analysis. Practice guidelines suggest that all patients hospitalised with CAP should receive antibiotics within four hours of admission. An annual audit undertaken at a 1000-bed teaching hospital in the UK showed that this target was achieved in less than two thirds of patients admitted with CAP. Junior medical staff from the intervention and control 500-bed district general hospital in the same Trust ; sites were interviewed to determine potential barriers to implementation: A management pathway was drawn up by an expert team, based on the interview results, British Thoracic Society guidelines and evidence published after the guidelines were released. A mixture of information packs, educational sessions and posters were used to implement the intervention. The proportion of patients receiving suitable antibiotic therapy within four hours of admission was continuously audited and compared to baseline: results were fed back to staff at regular intervals. Primary outcome was the absolute change in proportion of patients treated according to and zyprexa, for instance, zocor side affects.
Frozen plasma or serum Dark green Red is also acceptable but not preferred ; Plasma must be separated within 45 minutes. Do NOT collect specimen in gel barrier tube 2 mL 1 Daily 2-3 weeks 0.05 - 10.00 mcg mL Liquid chromatography Mass Spectrometry LC MS MS ; HIV monitor 80299 250812 Frozen serum, CSF or other body fluid Red or sterile container Specify all antimicrobials being used to treat the patient; Do NOT use a gel barrier tube. 1 mL 0.5 mL Daily 5-8 days Bioassay BA ; Therapeutic drug monitoring 80299.
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A major review of studies that examined the effectiveness of the herbal supplement milk thistle in patients with hepatitis B or C and or alcoholic liver disease found it "does not seem to significantly influence the course of patients with alcoholic and or hepatitis B or C liver diseases." Researchers, writing in the September 2005 issue of the American Journal of Gastroen6 and abilify.
Updated Information & Services Citations including high-resolution figures, can be found at: : pediatrics cgi content full 100 2 e10 This article has been cited by 3 HighWire-hosted articles: : pediatrics cgi content full 100 2 e10#otherarticle s This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection s ; : Endocrinology : pediatrics cgi collection endocrinology Information about reproducing this article in parts figures, tables ; or in its entirety can be found online at: : pediatrics misc Permissions.shtml Information about ordering reprints can be found online: : pediatrics misc reprints.shtml.
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Residency Training Sites The Department of Surgery has partnered with surgeons in all Health Authorities throughout British Columbia to deliver postgraduate education. With the ongoing expansion of the medical school, the Department of Surgery is clearly a leader in developing linkages with clinician educators in a broad range of practice settings. The following hospitals are involved with residency education in the Department of Surgery. Vancouver Coastal Health Authority GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre Lion's Gate Hospital Mount Saint Joseph Hospital St. Paul's Hospital The Richmond Hospital UBC Hospital Vancouver General Hospital Fraser Health Authority Chilliwack General Hospital Royal Columbian Hospital Surrey Memorial Hospital Island Health Authority Nanaimo Regional General Hospital Royal Jubilee Hospital Victoria General Hospital Interior Health Authority Cranbrook Regional Hospital Kelowna General Hospital Vernon Jubilee Hospital Northern Health Authority Prince George Regional Hospital Provincial Health Authority British Columbia Cancer Agency Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia and accutane.
Few have been systematically studied. One attempt to design and prospectively evaluate a consensus-based medica t i on algorithm for major depre s s i included in the Texas Medica t i on Algo rithm Pro j e c Through an itera t i ve, consensus-panel pro c e s multistage algorithm was developed that included re c om ons for proceeding in cases of partial re s p onse or non response. A similar algorithm has been developed for treatment of geri a t ric depression in the primary care setting through the Prevention of Suicide in Pri m a ry Care Elderly - C o ll Trial PRO S PE C study.2 The PROSPECT investigators, because zocor information.
Merck expanded its cholesterol-modifying franchise in october with the approval of zetia, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor from merck schering-plough pharmaceuticals, and the partnership anticipates filing a new drug application nda ; with the food and drug administration fda ; for a zetia zocor combination tablet in late 200 merck also plans to expand its respiratory franchise early next year with a seasonal allergic rhinitis indication for singulair - singulair ar - that is expected to be the first new treatment class for allergic ex-9 c 2nd page of 8 toc 1st previous next bottom just 2nd 2 rhinitis in more than a decade and achromycin.
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If your dentist has urged you to get a power toothbrush, you might be wise to listen. A new report from the Cochrane Oral Health Group seems to suggest that a certain kind of power toothbrush really is better at keeping your teeth and gums clean and healthy. Researchers examined 29 clinical trials involving more than 2, 500 participants from around the world. They found that rotational oscillation toothbrushes removed up to 11 percent more plaque and reduced bleeding gums by up to percent more than other power brushes and manual brushes. Rotational oscillation toothbrushes rotate in one direction, then the other. But they cost anywhere from about $30 to more than $100. Before you run to the store and buy one, check in with your dentist. While the brush you use is important, so is how you use it. Using a $2 manual toothbrush correctly can be just as effective as using some expensive, newfangled power brush incorrectly.
Figure 2. Generation of lymphoblastoid cell lines and autologous EBV-specific CTLs from patients with persisting active EBV infection. A ; The time required for the establishment of LCLs, using the B95-8 laboratory strain of EBV, from the 8 patients affected by CAEBV infection, was comparable to that required by a series of 36 healthy donors. B ; The kinetics of each CTL line generated from the 8 patients affected by CAEBV infection using weekly stimulations with autologous LCLs in the presence of IL-2. C ; The killing activity of the EBV-specific CTLs, as assessed in a standard chromium release assay. HBS-2 target cell lines ; , mismatched LCLs * ; , and autologous LCLs F ; were labeled with 51Cr and incubated for 4 hours with CTL at the E T ratios indicated. Killing of autologous LCLs was significantly higher compared with mismatched LCL and HSB-2, a LAK-sensitive EBV-negative T-cell lymphoma that provides a measure of lymphokine-activated killer cellmediated killing. Means of the percent specific chromium release from target cells SD of the 8 CTL lines are presented. D ; The perforin left ; and granzyme A right ; expression of 2 representative CTL lines. CTLs were stained for intracellular perforin or granzyme using PE-labeled antiperforin or antigranzyme antibodies thick line ; versus isotype control thin line ; and analyzed by flow cytometry. Upper and lower panels represent the staining of a representative CD8 CTL line and of the CD3 TCR cells generated from patient 2, respectively and actonel and zocor, for instance, generic patent when zocor.
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References 56. A. D. Strosberg, Adv. Pharmacol., 42, 511513 1998 ; . 57. G. Oliver and E. A. Schaefer, J. Physiol. London ; , 18, 230 1895 ; . 58. J. J. Abel, Z. Physiol. Chem., 28, 318 1899 ; . 59. O. v. Furth, Z. Physiol. Chem., 29, 105 1900 ; . 60. J. Takamine, Am. J. Pharm., 73, 523 1901 ; . 61. J. B. Aldrich, Am. J. Physiol., 5, 457 461 ; . 62. W. Sneader, Drug Discovery: The Evolution of Modern Medicines, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985. 63. W. Sneader, Drug Prototypes and Their Exploitation, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. 64. H. Pauly, Chem. Ber., 36, 2944 2949 ; . 65. F. Stolz, Chem. Ber., 37, 4149 4154 ; . 66. H. D. Dakin, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 76, 491 497 ; . 67. A. R. Cushny, J. Physiol London ; , 37, 130 138 ; . 68. F. Flacher, Z. Physiol. Chem., 58, 189 1908 ; . 69. S. Solis-Cohen, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 34, 1164 1166 ; . 70. J. G. M. Bullowa and D. M. Kaplan, Med. News, 83, 787 1903 ; . 71. J. N. Langley, J. Physiol. London ; , 27, 237 1901 ; . 72. T. R. Elliott, J. Physiol. London ; , 31, XXP 1904 ; . 73. G. Barger and H. H. Dale, J. Physiol. London ; , 41, 19 59 ; . 74. U. S. v. Euler, Acta Physiol. Scand., 11, 168 1946 ; . 75. N. C. Moran, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 139, 545 548 ; . 76. R. P. Ahlquist, Am. J. Physiol., 153, 586 1948 ; . 77. A. M. Lands, et al., Nature, 214, 597598 1967 ; . 78. S. Z. Langer, Br. J. Pharmacol., 60, 481 497 ; . 79. R. R. J. Ruffolo, W. Bondinell, and J. P. Hiebel, J. Med. Chem., 38, 36813716 1995 ; . 80. A. J. Nichols and R. R. Ruffolo Jr. in R. R. Ruffolo Jr., Ed., Alpha-Adrenoceptors: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Karger, Basel New York, 1991, pp. 75114. 81. J. P. Hieble in R. R. Ruffolo Jr., Ed., Beta-Adrenoceptors: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Karger, Basel New York, 1991, pp. 105172.
Ompared to the average "overturn rate, " most HMO denials we reviewed regarding specific prescription drugs were upheld by the independent review system. IROs reviewed 19 appeals concerning prescription drugs and only overturned six 32 percent ; . Surprisingly, a small number of drugs were disputed more than once. Of the 19 disputes over specific prescriptions, seven involved Lamisil, a drug that treats foot fungus, and two each concerned Lipitor and a juvenile growth hormone. The remaining seven disputes concerned a wide range of drugs. In four of the Lamisil disputes, Aetna said that doctors should first obtain proof of the degree of their infection with either a fungal culture or PAS stain. The reviewers agreed.44 Lamisil, as well as similar oral fungal medications, has been linked with patients' liver problems. These problems prompted the Food and Drug Administration in June 2001 to issue a health warning, requiring that Lamisil carry stronger warnings about potential liver damage.45 The new labels now recommend that health-care professionals obtain nail specimens for testing to confirm the diagnosis before prescribing medication for fungal nail infections.46 Both HMOs and reviewers were strong in their opinions that, before prescribing, doctors should demonstrate, using standard tests for fungal infection, that the patients indeed need this oral medication. Lipitor treats high cholesterol. During the study period, Aetna removed Lipitor from its formulary and required patients to use Zoor or another drug instead. The formulary change affected Texas patients upon their plans' 2001 renewal date.47 Given that this formulary change probably affected a large number of people, we saw relatively few appeals to independent review. One patient was moved to other medications but wanted Lipitor again. The reviewer recommended that the patient try Zoor for at least 30 days first.48 In the other case, the patient's doctor said she had responded well to Lipitor. She tried Zoccor as required by Aetna, then was asked to try two other drugs. "It seems onerous to force a patient to try two agents Baycol and Lescol ; that are well known to be less effective than either Lipitor or Zocor, " wrote the reviewer when finally approving the Lipitor.49 In these two cases, the independent review fullfilled its purpose by providing the patient an individualized and independent ; needs assessment when faced with formulary restrictions. While Pfizer's Lipitor is one of the best-selling pharmaceutical drugs worldwide, it is newer than Merck's Zocor. Lipitor entered the market in 1997 and quickly became a popular cholesterol-lowering drug.50 Lipitor and Zodor are both among the top 25 drugs used by state employees and teachers.51 The battle of the efficacy studies rages unabated between Lipitor and Zocor. Research on Zocor in 1994 prompted growth in the use of statins cholesterol-lowering drugs ; , after a study showed that it could greatly a patient's risk of dying from a second heart attack.52 A study presented at the 49th Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology in March 2000 found that Zocor increased levels of both "good" cholesterol HDL ; and apolipoprotein more than Lipitor.53 At the same time, a 1999 European study found Lipitor more effective than Zocor at lowering "bad" cholesterol.54 While only a small number of consumers appealed a formulary decision regarding a specific name brand drug, the details of these reviews indicate that reviewers will uphold insurer formulary rules unless the patient demonstrates a strong need and alternatives are less effective. In this way, independent review may help control escalating costs related to direct-to-consumer marketing of expensive name brand drugs.
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MEVACOR lovastatin ; MOTRIN ibuprofen ; NAPROSYN naproxen ; NORVASC amlodipine ; PEPCID famotidine ; PRAVACHOL pravastatin ; PREVACID lansoprazole ; PRILOSEC omeprazole ; PRINIVIL lisinopril ; PROCARDIA XL nifedipine ; PROZAC fluoxetine ; RISPERDAL risperidone ; SELDANE terfenadine ; ST. JOHN'S WORT TAGAMET cimetidine ; TEGRETOL carbamazepine ; TENORMIN atenolol ; TOPROL XL metoprolol ; VALIUM diazepam ; VASOTEC enalapril ; VOLTAREN diclofenac ; ZANTAC ranitidine ; ZESTRIL lisinopril ; ZOCOR simvastatin ; ZOLOFT sertraline ; ZYRTEC cetirizine.
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the cholesterol-managing hmg-coa reductase inhibitors, commonly called statins, such as lovastatin mevacor ; , pravastatin pravachol ; , and simvastatin zocor ; , reduce the risk of stroke.
INTRODUCTION Although videofluoroscopic swallowing study VFSS ; is widely used to evaluate swallowing function, it is limited to identify the gross findings of aspiration, transit time, and pharyngeal residue. AIMS The purpose of the study is to investigate kinematically the movement of hyoid bone and epiglottis, known as an important protective mechanism in stroke patients as comparing to the normal persons. METhODS A total of 6 subjects 0 sroke patients and healthy subjects ; were enrolled in the study. After each subject was undertaken VFSS, the videotaped images were captured and processed digitally using video-based motion analysis system. latencies for movement of hyoid and epiglottis were defined as the time consumed until the moments of movement initiation after the head of fluid bolus passed the mandible angle. Durations for movement of hyoid and epiglottis were measured from onset of their movement until return of original position, and hyoid displacement distance and epiglottic folding angle were also measured. RESUlTS In stroke patients compared with healthy subjects, the maximum and terminal intervals of hyoid elevation were significantly delayed. And total duration of movement was increased in hyoid elevation, but maintained in epiglottic folding. The hyoid bone-food bolusepiglottis coordinated time sequence was significantly delayed in stroke patients. The maximal amplitude of hyoid bone was increased but the maximal folding angle of epiglottis was decreased in stroke patients. And the severity of dysphagia was related with hyoid bone-food bolus-epiglottis coordinated time sequence and maximal movement of hyoid elevation. p 0.01 ; CONClUSION This kinematic analysis suggests that the hyoid bonefood bolus-epiglottic coordination movement might play an important role in stroke patients. Further study will be necessary for identifying the pathophysiologic mechanism of dysphagia.
STHMA exacerbations often occur in association with rhinovirus RV ; infections. This study compared the inflammatory changes caused by RV in the upper and lower airways of asthma patients vs healthy controls. Eleven adult patients with atopic asthma and 10 healthy, nonatopic controls, underwent nasal inoculation with a 2, 000 tissue culture infective dose 50% mL of RV-16. Symptoms and peak flow were assessed daily. Spirometry, methacholine challenge testing, nasal lavage, and sputum induction were performed at baseline and at intervals throughout the month after inoculation. The acute cold was associated with a slight increase in asthma symptoms among the asthmatic group, while the controls had a reduction in methacholine PC20. Neither group showed any change in peak flow, bronchodilator use, or spirometry. The two groups also had similar cytokine responses. This study finds no difference in the upper or lower airway response to RV-16 infection in asthma patients compared with healthy controls. The findings suggest that RV on its own is not sufficient to cause asthma exacerbations. More study is needed to define the viral and or patient factors associated with asthma exacerbations during viral upper respiratory infections. COMMENT: The conventional wisdom is that rhinovirus infections trigger exacerbations of asthma in patients with increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness. That is why this study, in which mild intermittent asthmatics and controls were experimentally infected with rhinovirus, is so interesting. There was essentially no difference in upper or lower respiratory symptoms between the two groups other than that which was pre.
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Tions in oncology; as a result, many newly approved drugs for specific indications will have essentially no competition. Patients with cancer and their oncologists will use these new agents despite low rates of response and despite enormous costs, which for some cancer agents can exceed $15, 000 per treatment. Finally, selecting a subgroup of patients who are likely to have responses could, in the short term, limit the size of the market for an approved drug for use against tumors that express the relevant molecular profile. Thus, pharmaceutical sponsors may not have a financial incentive to define subgroups of patients who are likely to have responses as they seek the broadest marketing indications possible.13 There are additional reasons why pharmaceutical sponsors have failed to define subgroups of.
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Zocor works by reducing the production of cholesterol by the liver.