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Considered as a predominant 3 -HSD, AKR1C2 as an almost exclusive 3 -HSD, AKR1C3 as a weak 3 -HSD, and AKR1C4 as a predominant 3 -HSD. AKR1C4 expression is apparently liver-specific, whereas mRNA expression of the other three isozymes was observed in a variety of human tissues displaying tissue-specific patterns Penning et al., 2000 ; . The catalytic properties of these proteins together with their tissue-specific expression patterns suggested that the AKR1C isozymes could be responsible for the formation of both the 3 -hydroxy- and the 3 -hydroxy metabolite of tibolone. We now demonstrate that recombinant homogeneous AKR1C1-AKR1C4 catalyze the 3-ketosteroid reduction of tibolone into 3 - and 3 -hydroxytibolone. We find that AKR1C2 inverted its stereospecificity from a 3 -HSD with 5 -DHT to a 3 -HSD with tibolone. This represents a unique example where an HSD can invert its stereospecificity in a substrate-dependent manner. The preference of AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 to form 3 -hydroxytibolone and the liver-specific AKR1C4 to form 3 -hydroxytibolone may account for the metabolic profile of the drug. Drug resistance R H E No. 27 22 23, for example, tibolone hrt. Educate yourself about the disease and resources in the community. Discuss with family members or other trusted persons your preferences about decisions affecting your life. For more information on discussing your preferences, see the Making Choices About Everyday Care fact sheet. ; Continue to explore ways to fulfill your needs for intimacy and closeness. The desire for close relationships with others continues throughout the disease. Be patient with yourself. Exercise can contribute to good physical health and coordination, and can reduce stress. See your physician for an exercise program that will best fit your needs. Find productive ways to release anger and frustration--talk with a close friend, a counselor, or join a support group especially for people with AD. Use visible and or accessible reminders--write notes to yourself, leave messages on your answering machine, or set the alarm on a watch as a reminder about an upcoming appointment. Engage yourself in meaningful activities--documenting your life story by creating a scrap book, tape recording your autobiography, or keeping a journal can be wonderful ways to reflect upon your life and share yourself with those close to you. Your children and grandchildren will treasure these keepsakes. Keep your mind active--do puzzles, write, etc. Know that you are not only a "person with AD"--focus on the many and varied personal attributes that you have, such as integrity, kindness, humor. 40.018 Impact of Public Health Measures on, because estradiol. Sum of all impurities referred to the tibolone peak ; : 11% the tablets thus obtained can also be provided with a coating.

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Reports were sought of RCTs of topical NSAIDs in which pain was an outcome. Reports were included which compared topical NSAIDs with placebo, with another topical NSAID, or with an oral NSAID. A number of different search strategies in both Medline 1966May 1996 ; and the Oxford Pain Relief database 195094 ; were used to locate reports, using individual drug names, together with the terms, `administration, topical', `gels', `ointments', `aerosols', `cream', and combinations of these, without restriction to English language. Additional reports were identified from the reference lists of retrieved reports and from review articles. Medical librarians and medical directors of 12 pharmaceutical companies which make NSAIDs were asked for reports of RCTs of these products, including any unpublished reports. RCTs of NSAIDs in chronic arthritic, rheumatic or associated conditions with pain as an outcome were included in the analysis, but not acute traumatic conditions, vaginitis, oral or buccal conditions, thrombophlebitis or experimental pain. Two of the reviewers screened reports to eliminate those which had no pain outcomes, which were definitely not randomised, or were abstracts or reviews. The methodological quality of each trial was assessed by all reviewers using a validated scale.7 Information about treatments and controls, condition studied, number of patients randomised and analysed, study design, observation periods, outcome measures used for pain or global evaluation, analgesic outcome results, local skin irritation, systemic adverse effects and study withdrawals due to adverse events was extracted from each report by all six authors meeting to concur.

Written by Amy Snell, PhD candidate Junior Research Fellow, Ecology and Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago; Dr Craig Williams, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Smithville, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; and Lynley Hargreaves, Royal Society of New Zealand. Reviewed by Christine Howard, The Manurewa High School, Science, Mathematics and Technology Teacher Fellow 2004. Editors: Colin Walker and Ruth Munro Mosquito illustrations by Ruth Kiel and tiotropium, for example, menopause.

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Phamacia Price. Kombinierte magnetisch evozierte motorische Potentiale MEP ; und urodynamische Messungen U.D. ; zur Erfassung der zentralen und peripheren Innervation des externen urethralen Sphinkters bei Rckenmark-verletzten Patienten".Forum Urodynamicum, Munich, Germany 2000 Poster Preis "Botulinum-A Toxin in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured SCI ; patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs?" European Association of Urology, Brussels, 2000. Behuliak M., Palffy R., Celec P. Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia michalbehuliak gmail Aim: Salivary thiobarbituric acid reacting substances TBARS ; have been proved as a potential marker of intraoral oxidative stress and parodontal status. This study was aimed at the analysis of intra- and interindividual variability of TBARS in saliva. Methods: Twenty two young healthy volunteers 12F & 10M ; collected saliva samples daily in the morning during a period of 30 consecutive days. Salivary TBARS were measured spectrophotometrically. Time series analysis was done using standard statistical methods. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant between day variations of salivary MDA p 0.001 ; . The dynamics did not differ between genders, however, the data was not synchronized, and thus, gender differences in endogenous dynamics cannot be ruled out. Intraindividual variability was very high in both genders with coefficients of variation of more than 70%. Interindividual variability was higher in men than in women 63% vs. 20%; p 0.001 ; . Discussion: The relatively high intraindividual variability indicates that repeated samplings and subsequent measurements are needed for individual diagnostics. Gender differences and interindividual variability will be taken into account in running clinical studies on patients with periodontal and dental diseases. Factors influencing the variability of salivary TBARS including infradian biorhythms should be uncovered by further studies and tizanidine. Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 290: 1729-38. [PMID: 14519707].

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U shouldnt be mixin drugs like that i dont thing its ok but u should lisin 2 840 and ask him its on like yeah i' ve done this and urso. Have a great day cheers angie any contributed content above is the subjective opinion of that member or external author, and not of minti pty ltd if you are searching for health related advice we strongly suggest you seek professional medical support. With respect to a film coating, the present inventors have found that not all film coatings give the desired stabilizing effect on tibolone tablets and ursodiol.

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I think perhaps - and this is subject to change - that since my body has undergone such a strong change, i needed to change the way i sleep, so last night i slept with two pillows under my head instead of one, and slept on my back and side, for instance, fda. Second, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C4 efficiently catalyzed the reduction of tibolone with significantly higher kcat KM values 115814, 348 min 1 mM 1 ; than those reported for the reduction of 5 -DHT. The previously published and valproic!

Dyslipidemia is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for CHD. Therefore, determination of cause of dyslipidemia, evaluation of the individual patient's health and risk status, focus on treatment goals and a clear understanding of the mechanism and effects of lipid lowering agents are necessary. Although LDL levels are considered as the primary goal in the management of dyslipidemia, evidence suggests that HDL and triglyceride levels are also associated with coronary risk and should not be ignored. If desired levels cannot be reached with monotherapy, then combination therapy should be considered, for example, tibolone 2007.

Findings. The correspondent has mentioned that the controls patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with no obvious clinical evidence of gastro-intestinal dysfunction ; are not appropriate; unfortunately, he does not mention the group that might have been chosen. We feel that our choice is more appropriate than choosing normal subjects. Consecutive, cooperative patients who were admitted to the controlled clinical trials of abdominal tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis were investigated. It is not easy to get willing patients for any study involving collection of 5 blood samples. In our opinion, the sample size, as with most pharmacological investigations of this nature, is adequate and clinically significant differences, if any, would have been picked up even with this sample size. For analysis of the data, logarithmic transformation, which is a standard procedure for drug concentrations, was used. This is obvious from the scale in the diagrams and the fact that geometric means have been presented. Since fairly precise estimations have been undertaken for the various measures, use of parametric tests in more appropriate. Non-parametric tests would have resulted in the waste of valuable information. Regarding the comment on the asterisk in the tables, the statement in the footnote applies to all the figures. This is standard practice, since it is cumbersome to have asterisk marks for every figure. In retrospect, however, it may have been more appropriate to have had a column heading indicating that the figures are geometric means and ranges. Lastly, the word `really' in line 8 of `Introduction' should read `readily' and the error is regretted and valacyclovir. With catchphrases like "patient hotel" and "health care hospitality" flying around, the hospital market is in a state of upheaval. The interest of health care institutions in hotel services was aroused by the realisation that quality of service, at its best, is a guarantor for a successful strategy and a valuable weapon in the battle for new clients. A "mystery patient check" an investigation carried out by a kind of undercover agent is a valuable tool for determining the standard that has been achieved and for initiating the necessary improvements. Bernd Claessen, Head of the Hospitality department of the Deutsches Bildungszentrum fr Gesundheitshotellerie German Educational Centre for Healthcare Hospitality ; , and Patrick Kullmann, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, report on a project at Hirslanden Klinik Aarau. The synergy between the hotel industry and the healthcare sector brings value-added that can not only be demonstrated effectively in financial terms, but also puts the hospital in a good competitive position on the market. Fuelled by this realisation, the Swiss hospital group assigned students from the renowned cole.

Upon review, the Court finds the foregoing case law distinguishable and, therefore, unpersuasive. The medical malpractice cases cited do not support a blanket rule that consultation with an attorney automatically triggers a statute of limitations. Furthermore, unlike the litigants in the cases cited above, who either knew or should have known the cause of their injuries when they consulted an attorney, the Plaintiff does not appear to have possessed similar knowledge when he contacted counsel. Cf. Telakowicz v. John Bunn Co., Ashland Cty.App. No. CA-1024, 1993 WL 289898 Ohio App and ativan. Table B-4: Ranking of Industries according to Fastest TFP Growth Rates in the U.S., 1995-2000. Find books on neuropathic pain this medical briefing was written by derrick garwood, a freelance medical writer and editor, and first published, on this same date, in the series of inpharm tours at inpharm it is reproduced here with permission from the publishers and bextra and tibolone, because fda. One of the first things the group learned was that more than a dozen medicines are already on the market for the respiratory syndrome, and all are still effective.

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Policies Identified by ECRI's Searches American Psych Systems APS ; Healthcare APS operates in these states: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Florid a, Georgia, H aw aii, Maryland , Montana, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyom ing. APS`s basic criteria for coverage of treatm ent for a m ental health cond ition state that to qualify for benefits, a p atient m ust have a d iagnosis that is covered in the DSM -IV m anual [and bulim ia nervosa is in the m anual] and m ad e licensed m ental health professional. Ad d itional criteria apply for access to sp ecific types of services e.g., hospitalization, partial hospitalization, intensive outp atient, outpatient, resid ential treatm ent facility ; . The full criteria are available at : w .apshealthcare provid ers bhp bh 2004 criteria.pd f. Aetna Aetna has a clinical policy bulletin on coverage of eating d isord ers. The policy sum m arized below refers to the m ed ical benefits com ponent of bulim ia nervosa treatm ent. Behavioral health services such as psychological therapy w ere provid ed und er contract to Aetna by a behavioral health service until Decem ber 2005. At that tim e, Aetna brought its behavioral health service benefits in -house. For bulim ia nervosa, the clinical policy states that, for m em bers w ith the eating d isord er, hospitalization is consid ered m ed ically necessary und er either of the follow ing cond itions: 1. Ind ivid uals w hose binge-purge cycle has led to anorexia resulting in severe m etabolic d eficiencies such as severe electrolyte im balances 2. Ind ivid uals w ith suicid al d epression Continued hospitalization is no longer consid ered m ed ically necessary once the m em ber`s m ed ical status is stable i.e., m etabolic and nutritional crisis has been resolved ; , and treatm ent in an outpatient setting has been arranged . Once the m em ber is stabilized , continual hospitalization is consid ered m ed ically necessary only if the m em ber is severely d epressed or suicid al. Specific tests that are necessary for the d iagnosis and m ed ical m anagem ent of bulim ia are specified in the policy bulletin at : w .aetna cpb d ata CPBA0511 l. Beacon Health Strategies Beacon publishes Level of Care Criteria that d escribes criteria for coverage of d ifferent levels of care. The criteria typically require som e com ponent of a DSM-IV d iagnosis for treatm ent eligibility. Som e of the levels of care that they list that are com m only used for bu lim ia patients includ e inpatient psychiatric, observation bed s, resid ential treatm ent, partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient, day treatm ent.

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Sepracor currently has a supply contract with chirex that commits sepracor to purchase through december 31, 2001 all of its annual requirements of those drugs that it will market directly through its specialty sales force, provided chirex meets certain pricing, supply and quality control conditions. Phenylpropanolamine PPA ; was in use prior to 1962, when the Kefauver-Harris amendments required a review of the effectiveness of this and other drugs while they remained on the market. U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, FDA CONSUMER MAGAZINE Jan.-Feb. 2002 ; . In November 2000, due to a 383 See, e.g., id. at 740B a ; 1 ; A ; terminating FDA's demonstrated association between PPA and authority to enter into agreements, including performance hemmorhagic stroke, FDA requested that companies goals, with persons from whom fees are collected ; . discontinue marketing products containing the drug. U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, TALK PAPER, 384 Letter from Larry Sasich, et al., to Jane Henney, supra T00-58, FDA ISSUES PUBLIC HEALTH WARNING ON note 322. PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Nov. 6, 2000 ; , available at 385 See, e.g., Drug Safety on Trial, supra note 34; see also FDAIA, : fda.gov bbs topics ANSWERS supra note 381 at 4 proposing to amend the Federal ANS01051 last visited Oct. 20, 2005. ABBREVIATIONS: F1 + 2 fragments 1 and 2; GPIIbIIIa glycoprotein IIbIIIa; rFVIIa recombinant FVIIa; TF tissue factor. From the Hematherapy and Hemostasis Service, Hospital Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. Address reprint requests to: Ana-Mara Galn, PhD, Servicio de Hemoterapia y Hemostasia, Hospital Clnic, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; e-mail: agalan clinic.ub . This study was supported by Grants FIS 01 1512, SGR3832001, FIS 99 0110, and 2FD97-0778. Received for publication July 30, 2002; revision received February 9, 2003, and accepted February 13, 2003. TRANSFUSION 2003; 43: 885892. Volume 43, July 2003 TRANSFUSION 885, for example, fibolone organon.
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Safety assessments collected included adverse events, physical examination, vital signs, and body weight. Statistical Analyses Based on a power analysis, a total of 130 randomized subjects 65 in each group ; were required to detect a difference of 0.25 in SNAPIV remission rates for those receiving OROSMPH 0.5 ; versus those receiving IR-MPH 0.25 ; , using a chi-square test and a 2-sided of 0.05 and a power of 80%. Additional subjects were recruited to compensate for dropouts. An independent statistician generated site randomization lists. Individual treatment assignments were sealed in opaque, sequentially numbered envelopes. The investigators prescribed IR-MPH or OROS-MPH as specified by the treatment assignment. Baseline demographics and safety outcomes were summarized by treatment group for all randomized subjects who took at least 1 dose of study medication. Effectiveness analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat ITT ; sample, consisting of all randomized subjects who took at least one dose of trial medication and had at least one protocol-mandated post-baseline assessment. The endpoint was defined as last protocol mandated post-baseline observation carried forward LOCF ; . Analyses were conducted at week 4, week 8 and endpoint. The SNAP-IV rating scale was used to specify two primary effectiveness outcomes: 1. remission of symptoms at endpoint remission was defined as a score of "0" or "1" on each of the first 18 ADHD items referred to as SNAP-IV18 ; and, 2. change from baseline at study endpoint in the total rating scores on the 26-item ADHD + ODD items ; SNAP-IV referred to as SNAP-IV-26 ; . Comparison of remission rates between treatment groups was performed by the CochranMantel-Haenszel test for general association, after controlling for centre. Analysis of variance ANOVA ; , with factors for treatment and centre, was used to analyze the change from baseline in total SNAP-IV-26 score. Treatment by centre. Table 5. Confusion matrix for classes of fixed with, Classes defined according to degradation kinetic i ; The selected variables are not the same as above. This is may be an indication of the weakness of the model weak and narrow discrimination power of variables, and thus selection depending of the learning. ; . A test will be necessary on other data. Nevertheless, some variables are common and their optimal number 6 ; is the same. -Test on the degradation kinetic ii ; As a variant of the above test, the output variable has been chosen as the time needed to obtain a degradation of 0.5 in place of 50% of the maximal degradation.

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Does heparin added to aspirin increase benefits? Is one type of heparin more beneficial than the other? How long should heparin be continued? Does long-term heparin improve prognosis? Aspirin incompletely blocks platelet activation. Heparin inhibits thrombin generation and blocks thrombin activity. This systematic overview of randomized trials assessed the effect of UFH compared with placebo, and LMWH compared with placebo, and short-term LMWH compared with short-term UFH, for both short- and long-term management. Conclusion: In patients with unstable angina and non-Q wave infarction, both UFH and LMWH added to aspirin, reduced mortality by about half compared with aspirin alone. Long-term LMWH added no benefit to aspirin alone. STUDY 1. Reviewed 12 randomized trials 17 000 patients ; with unstable angina or non-Q-wave MI comparing: 1 ; UFH vs placebo, 2 ; LMWH vs placebo, 3 ; Short-term LMWH vs UFH , 4 ; long-term LMWH vs placebo. 2. All were also taking aspirin. 3. End-point myocardial infarction or death. RESULTS 1. Short term 7 days ; A. Both UFH and LMWH reduced the end point by about half. Odds ratio 0.53; 45 per 1000 vs 74 per 1000 ; . Difference 29 MIs or deaths per 1000 treated. [NNT benefit-7 days ; 33] B. For LMWH compared with UFH , the odds ratio was 0.88. Difference not statistically significant. ; . 2. Long-term up to 3 months ; : LMWH compared with aspirin alone -- odds ratio 0.98. No benefit after the first week. ; . LMWH long-term was associated with a significantly increased risk of major bleeding 1 per 100 treated. ; DISCUSSION 1. In patients with unstable angina and non-Q wave infarction, addition of UFH or LMWH to aspirin for 7 days reduced incidence of death or MI by about 50%. About 30 major events were prevented for each 1000 patients treated. 2. There was no clear difference between UFH and LMWH in terms of efficacy or safety during short-term therapy. 3. LMWH continued beyond 7 days conferred no additional benefit and resulted in about 10 major bleeding events per 1000 treated. CONCLUSION In aspirin treated patients with the unstable angina or non-Q-wave infarction no ST elevation ; , unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight-heparin both reduced risk of myocardial infarction and death by 50.
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To these two carbapenems. Some P. aeruginosa are more sensitive to imipenem than meropenem and this seems to be associated with major up-regulation of efflux. In extreme cases they are resistant to all b-lactams except imipenem -which is not recognised by the efflux systems. It is less common than the opposite pattern imipenem resistant, meropenem moderate ; which is associated with a loss of OprD D2 porin. Nizam Damani. It is obviously important to speciate. Hugh Webb. We all agree with the point that David has been making on speciation. The challenge is to persuade the Department that it is an appropriate thing for them to fund centrally. The Department chose not to prioritise AMR surveillance in the first year of AMRAP. It was prescribing quality, infection control and education as the priorities. I do not think this will change next year either, because the Department's view is that funding in health care infection surveillance in its totality is adequate when expressed as a proportion of their total budget and all the things they have to fund - like cancer care and sexual health etc, etc. The Department wish to kick-start a number of initiatives through a feed back loop of boards and committees and I think surveillance will come through later. Richard Wise. You have mandatory reporting of MRSA do you not Hugh? I know the Department of Health is thinking of rolling out other mandatory reporting systems, different diseases, or organism types. They are going to require information on gram-negatives, and "Coliforms" will not do. It will need to be specific. David Livermore. We will all have to approach the Department of Health and say that if they want surveillance of resistance, the tests have got to include organism identification and a decent range of antibiotics. To pick up on what Richard was saying, I think the first mandatory surveillance where this identification problem will impact is in vancomycin- resistant enterococci VRE ; . We know that laboratories frequently misreport Enterococcus faecium as Enterococcus faecalis. We also know that, in fully -identified organisms vancomycin resistance is about 10 times commoner in E. faecium than E. faecalis. So if one starts measuring VRE, rates these may differ according to the prevalence of resistance in E. faecium itself and with the E. faecium : E. faecalis ratio. Unless you have accurate species identification you won't know what on earth is going on. I will take a great interest in the results. This is unfortunate, since at least 80% of incontinent women may be rendered dry with simple medications.

Reactivated fully and rapidly upon dilution. The crystal structure revealed that the active-site serine, Ser200, was ethylmethylcarbamylated, and that the leaving group, NAP remained bound noncovalently in the active site. It , was concluded that ENA-713 can inhibit both by decarbamylation and by its action as a prodrug to deliver the leaving group NAP, which is itself a good reversible inhibitor of AChE. ERIKSEN EF, MELSEN F, SOD E, BARTON J, CHINES A: Effect of long-term risedronate on bone quality and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 31, 620-625, 2002 ETTINGER B, BLACK DM, MITLAK BH et al: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: Results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation MORE ; investigators. JAMA 282, 637-645, 1999 ETTINGER B, GRADY D: Maximizing the benefit of estrogen therapy for the prevention of osteoporosis. Menopause 1, 1924, 1994 FRITH JC, MONKKONEN J, AURIOLA S et al: Clodronate is metabolised by osteoclasts and macrophages in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 15, 1224, 2000 HOFF AO, CATALA LEHNEN P, THOMAS et al: Increased bone mass is an unexpected phenotype associated with deletion of the calcitonin gene. J Clin Invest 110, 1849-1857, 2002 CHAVASSIEUX PM, ARLOT ME, REDA C et al: Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 100, 1475-1480, 1997 CHAVASSIEUX PM, ARLOT ME, ROUX JP et al: Effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis: A histomorphometric analysis of transiliac biopsies. J Bone Miner Res 15, 754-762, 2000 CHESNUT CH, SILVERMAN S, ANDRIANO K et al: A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: The prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF study group. J Med 109, 267-276, 2000 KANIS JA, GLUER CC: An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of scientific advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11, 192-202, 2000 KATZENELLENBOGEN BS, CHOI I, DELAGE MOURROUX R et al: Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action: Selective ligands and receptor pharmacology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74, 279-285, 2000 KHASTGIR G, STUDD J, HOLLAND N et al: , Anabolic effect of estrogen replacement on bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Histomorphometric evidence in a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86, 289-295, 2001 KLOOSTERBOER HJ, EDERVEEN AGH: Pros and cons of existing treatment modalities in osteoporosis: A comparison between tibolone, SERMs and estrogen progestogen ; treatments. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1852, 1-9, 2003 KOUSTENI S, CHEN J-R, BELLIDO T et al: Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenomic signaling of sex steroids. Science 298, 843-846, 2002 LIBERMAN UA, WEISS SR, BROLL J et al: : Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The alendronate phase III osteoporosis treatment study group. N Engl J Med 333, 1437-1443, 1995 MANOLAGAS SC: Birth and death of bone cells: Basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 21, 115-137, 2000 MASHIBA T, HIRANO T, TURNER CH et al: Suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates increases microdamage accumulation and reduces some biomechanical properties in dog rib. J Bone Miner Res 15, 613-620, 2000 MASHIBA T, TURNER CH, HIRANO T et al: Effects of suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in clinically relevant skeletal sites in beagles. Bone 28, 524-531, 2001 MEUNIER PJ, BOIVIN G: Bone mineral density reflects bone mass but also the degree of mineralization of bone: Therapeutic implications. Bone 21, 373-377, 1997 PARFITT AM: Skeletal heterogeneity and the purposes of bone remodeling: Implications for the understanding of osteoporosis. In: Osteoporosis. 2nd ed. Eds. R Marcus, D Feldman, J Kelsey ; , pp. 433-447, Academic Press, San Diego 2000 PARFITT AM: Targeted and nontargeted bone remodeling: Relationship to basic multicellular unit origination and progression. Bone 30, 5-7, 2002 PFEILSCHIFTER J, KODITZ R, PFOHL M, SCHATZ H: Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocr Rev 23, 90-119, 2002 PLOTKIN LI, WEINSTEIN RS, PARFITT et al: Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates and calcitonin. J Clin Invest 104, 1363-1374, 1999 POLS HA, FELSENBERG D, HANLEY DA, STEPAN J et al: Multinational, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of alendronate on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: Results of the FOSIT study. Foxamax international trial study group. Osteoporos Int 9, 461-468, 1999.