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Prepare a report of recommendations for presentation to a meeting of the GPs and other relevant members of the practice team e.g. practice nurse. The presentation should include: the rationale for each recommendation cost comparisons between different drugs where a switch is recommended; costs should be taken from the latest version of MIMS, Drug Tariff etc. potential cost savings where a recommendation will lead to a reduction in costs patient benefits from the change, where relevant reference to any evidence backing up a recommendation Ensure that decisions are made at the practice meeting and that these are documented. Following the meeting, prepare a report detailing the outcome of the meeting and the agreed action plan. Circulate this to all relevant staff. Monitor the implementation of the action plan and provide regular feedback to the GPs on progress. At a future meeting, report outcomes of any action taken, the reasons for lack of action and any problems encountered during implementation, for example, rimonabant drug interactions.
The fda had never approved the fen-phen combination, but once the agency has approved a drug, doctors may prescribe it at will.
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INFORMED SHARED DECISION MAKING ISDM ; : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL FOR ENHANCING PHARMACEUTICAL CARE AND STUDENT LEARNING IN PHARMACY CURRICULA. Rosemin Kassam, Simon P. Albon University of British Columbia. OBJECTIVE: To develop an interdisciplinary ISDM teaching module for pharmacy. METHODS: Literature reviews gathered current evidence of ISDM in pharmacy, medicine, occupational and physical therapy. Following ethics approval, ISDM competencies developed for physicians, were provided to Agood practitioners from each discipline followed by structured interviews. Practitioner interviews were recorded and analyzed to determine the importance of ISDM in each discipline, to clarify the wording of the competencies and to identify potential barriers to implementing ISDM and typical situations in which ISDM might be practiced. Student researchers SRs ; from each discipline were recruited and trained to recognize ISDM competencies through a formalized workshop utilizing standardized patients and cases relevant to each discipline. Using a common field notebook, SRs observed preceptors and recorded evidence of ISDM while on clerkships. ISDM competencies practiced, the ease with which the competencies were carried out, potential barriers to ISDM and situations in which ISDM could be practiced were recorded. Data collection and analysis is on-going. RESULTS: Literature review revealed minimal evidence of ISDM in pharmacy. Pharmacy practitioners felt ISDM was important and the competencies, with some re-wording, were relevant. Data analysis of field notes will be used to refine the competencies and develop a teaching module for ISDM in pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: ISDM has the potential to offer pharmacy students a strategy for effectively involving patients in pharmaceutical care.
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231 not conclude that unrelated cord blood can act as an alternative stem cell source in adult patients with ALL. Nevertheless, these results suggest that adult ALL patients without suitable related or unrelated bone marrow donors should be considered as candidates for CBT. 5. Unrelated cord blood transplantation with a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen following autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Tomonari A, Takahashi S, Ooi J, Uchimaru K, Tojo A. Two patients, 51- and 45-year-old men with stage III immunoglobulin G multiple myeloma, achieved partial and complete remissions, respectively, after conventional chemotherapy. They both received high-dose melphalan 200 mg m2 ; with autologous stem cell transplantation ASCT ; . Eighty-four and 78 days after ASCT, the patients underwent unrelated cord blood transplantation CBT ; following treatment with total-body irradiation 2 Gy ; , fludarabine 90 mg m2 ; , and melphalan 140 mg m2 ; . Neutrophil engraftment was attained on day 27 in patient 1 and day 15 in patient 2. Full donor chimerism of the marrow cells was confirmed. Regimen-related toxicity in both patients remained within grade I. Grades I and II acute graft-versus-host disease GVHD ; occurred in patients I and 2, respectively, but improved without steroid therapy. Both patients developed limited chronic GVHD of the skin but needed no treatment. The serum paraprotein level in patient 1 decreased further after ASCT and CBT but remained at minimally detectable levels. The serum and urine paraprotein levels in patient 2 remained below detectable limits. These results suggested that CBT with a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen after high-dose chemotherapy with ASCT is a new promising approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma. 6. CD34 CD7 leukemic progenitor cells may be involved in maintenance and clonal evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia. Kosugi N, Tojo A. We analyzed CD34 cells co-expressing CD7 in chronic myeloid leukemia CML ; in chronic or accelerated phase CP or AP ; clarify their role in progression or regression of the disease during treatment. Enumeration of CD34 CD7 cells was performed on bone marrow nucleated cells from normal donors and CML patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH ; analysis was performed on sorted CD34 CD7 and CD34 CD7 cells to examine the occupancy rate of each fraction by BCR-ABL cells with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities. The proportion of CD34 CD7 cells was significantly affected by the treatment outcome and or the disease status as follows: 20.5 10.4 in normal donors n 22 18.1 10.2 in CP with major cytogenetic response n 14 53.0 12.9 in CP at diagnosis n 18 55.0 15.8 in CP with no or minor cytogenetic response n 28 70.2 18.1 in AP n The proportion of CD 34 CD7 cells decreased in parallel with cytogenetic improvement in individual patients. In 6 untreated CP patients, the ratio of BCR-ABL cells was comparable between each fraction. In 3 patients with major cytogenetic response, the ratio of BCR-ABL cells was remarkably lower in CD34 CD7 cells than in CD34 CD7 cells. In 3 AP patients with additional cytogenetic abnormalities, extra signals were detected at much higher rate in CD34 CD7 cells than in CD34 CD7 cells. Our results suggest that CD34 CD7 cells may be involved in maintenance and clonal evolution of BCR-ABL cells in CML and
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Pharmacoeconomic benefit is arguable in Today's new drugs face a higher bar to whatever the target patient population. acceptance by payers than yesterday's big Nor will it lie for pharma with simply scour- sellers like lovastatin Mevacor ; and Lipitor. ing biotechs for assets to purchase. Though The general consensus has been that biotech firms are broadly more innovative Exubera, Pfizer's inhaled-insulin product, than pharma, less than one-third of drugs is a likely blockbuster. But Michael J. Russo for which biotech received approval were and David Balekdjian, writing in Business classified by the FDA as priority NMEs, the Week online, said it's "more likely to bebest proxy for novel drugs that target sig- come a disappointment for Pfizer." Their nificant unmet medical needs. See Ex- rationale? Managed-care payers have hibit 1. ; adopted an outcomes-based approach to Key to the industry's success will be the drug coverage and Pfizer has shown no ability to identify subevidence that populations and deswitching patients velop drugs for them. to Exubera, which Trying to prove will be priced well This is not quite the that fast-follower above injected insuone-drug-for-onelin--the current patient fantasy of products and standard of care-- "personalized mediminor upgrades will lead to better cine." As Hilary Harcompliance or a deris, PhD, a member are worth their crease in expensive of the Royal Society's price will carry diabetic complicapharmacogenetics tions. Indeed, in the work group has huge costs and UK, the National Inopined, "Pharmacohigh risk. stitute for Health and genetic testing could Clinical Excellence herald an era of more NICE ; has recomefficacious, cost-efmended against Exubera's use in type 1 or fective prescribing, but it's a long way off." That's true, but the industry is still mov- type 2 diabetes except in selected patients. ing, if not to personalized medicine, toward NICE said the product does not offer suffia "less impersonal" type of medicine--a cient benefits over injected insulin to be significant departure from the one-size-fits- cost effective. all therapy represented by blockbuster drugs like Lipitor. The change is driven by increas- . AND REVISITING RISK In addition to demands for more data ing costs of large studies, growing demand for more than drug-versus-placebo evidence on efficacy, we have entered an era with a when a new product wants to take on the heightened awareness of risk. FDA's Endostandard of care, and more intense atten- crinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee recently recommended Merck tion to safety. Co.'s The movement is also fueled by oppor- & Co. Inc. and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. tunism and an effort to salvage something diabetes drug muraglitazar Pargluva ; for from trials with disappointing results. When approval, but the drug was ultimately isInc.'s NitroMed Inc. congestive heart failure sued an approvable letter and then scrapped CHF ; drug isosorbide BiDil ; failed an initial after independent researchers looked at the late-stage study, the company, noting that company's data. They concluded in a study African-Americans seemed to have responded published online by The Journal of the Ameriwell, directed further research to a subgroup can Medical Association that the drug more of CHF patients that were African-American. than doubled the risk for heart attack and BiDil became the first drug ever approved stroke. See "Shadow FDA? Researchers Are for a single racial group. Unfortunately, the Taking Approval Matters into Their Own product, a combination of the generic drugs Hands, " IN VIVO, November 2005. ; Then there's Sanofi-Aventis rimonanant Sanofi-Aventis' isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine hydrochloride, was priced at up to almost Acomplia ; . The FDA rejected Acomplia as a $11 a day as compared with pennies for a smoking-cessation treatment and gave condaily course of its two generic compo- ditional approval for the drug as a weightnents, and it has done poorly. See loss medication. The agency wants more "NitroMed's Bidil Pricing: A Test for a clinical testing for the latter indication. The Whole Class of New Companies, " IN VIVO, delay could last several years, creating substantial uncertainty over what has been conOctober 2005.
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2.2.2.2 Models based on status epilepticus SE ; In contrast to the kindling model of epilepsy, SE is easier to produce, but expression of the sequelae is more variable. Most often, high doses of chemical convulsants KA, PILO ; are injected systemically subcutaneously, intraperitoneally ; or are applied to specific brain sites such as the amygdala or hippocampus see Tables 1 and 2 ; . In addition, SE can be induced by sustained electrical stimulation to specific sites of the brain such as the perforant path, the ventral hippocampus, and the amygdala see Table 3 ; . Injection of chemical substances or sustained electrical stimulation of the brain induces SE and spontaneous seizures will occur after a period of 1 month see Tables 1-3 ; . In addition, morphologic changes that occur in the hippocampus following SE induced by either a chemical convulsant or electrical stimulation are often similar to those observed in human TLE. The disadvantage of the post-SE model is that SE can be difficult to control, and therefore a substantial proportion of the animals die during the SE phase see Tables 1-3 ; . By modulating the duration of SE, however, it is possible to reduce the number of animals developing epilepsy and to reduce the mortality rate Klitgaard et al., 2002; Pitknen et al., 2005 ; . In contrast to electrical models, surgery electrode implantation ; is not required for chemical models. To reliably confirm electrical seizure activity during SE and to evaluate the manifestations of SE, implantation of electrodes is recommended and
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Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians e-mail: permissions chestnet ; . Correspondence to: Mark Metersky, MD, FCCP, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030.
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Conjugation of plasminogen activators PA ; to erythrocytes RBC ; uncovered a new thromboprophylactic drug approach. However, the generation of such conjugates still requires an important improvement for its application into the clinics. The present study presents the generation of a covalent and stable complex between a therapeutic PA, tenecteplase TNK ; , and streptavidin SA ; using heterobifunctional crosslinkers SATA and sulfo-SMCC from Pierce ; . SA will subsequently attach biotin molecules on the RBC surface. Biotinylation of RBC is a procedure that could be carried out in vivo, thus RBC-TNK conjugates could be formed upon TNK-SA injection in the patient. Modification of TNK with approx. 1-1.5 residues of SATA in the TNK molecule does not hamper its fibrinolytic capacity over fibrin clots incubated for 4h at 3 72.7 0.5 vs. 4.8 0.2 % of control ; as compared to native TNK 78.1 2.4 % ; . Introduction of 3-4 residues of s-SMCC in SA generates a specific covalent complex between SA and TNK TNK-SA ; . This complex is demonstrated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, where under reduced conditions free TNK migrates to 60 KDa, free SA at 15 KDa and effective complex appears as 75 KDa band. Densitometric analysis of the gels shows 60% to 100% conjugated SA depending on the TNK: SA molar ratios 2: 1 and 5: 1 respectively ; . These TNK-SA species still retains the TNK activity 62, 9 4.5 % ; at 4h, but more importantly, its pre-incubation with biotinylated RBC, but not with native RBC, results in a conjugate that effectively degrades fibrin clots as soon as 1 hour 49.8 3.1 vs. 18.2 1.8 % respectively ; , as compared to control clots 18.14.5 % ; . This study introduces a conjugation improvement of PA to RBC that eases its administration into clinical applications and
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27 See Gynuity Health Projects, supra note 4, at 32. 28 Jones & Henshaw, supra note 16, at 157. 29 Ipas, Deciding Women's Lives are Worth Saving: Expanding the Role of Midlevel Providers in Safe Abortion Care, Issues in Abortion Care 7 at 15 2001 ; , available at : ipas. org publications en issues in abortion care I7 E02 en . 30 Bonnie Scott Jones & Simon Heller, Providing Medical Abortion: Legal Issues of Relevance to Providers, 55 3 ; Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 145 2000 ; , available at : reproductiverights pub art amwaprov . 31 France, Decree no. 2001-636 of July 1, 2004, art. 1, Public Health Code New Regulatory Part ; , arts. R2212-9 R2211-19, available at : legifrance.gouv WAspad VisuArticleCode?commun CSANPU&code &h0 CSANPUNR.rcv&h1 2&h3 48; see.
Unlike in chronic myeloid leukemia CML ; , no single drug will work for all patients with acute myeloid leukemia AML ; because AML is a heterogeneous disease. In the past 15 years, dozens of new molecules have been identified that act in signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of AML. The molecular targets in AML are very plastic, and resistance develops in the face of ongoing therapy. The rationale for allogeneic transplantation is that marrow ablative therapy is more effective at eradicating leukemia than is nonmarrow ablative therapy. In transplantation we do not worry about the presence of particular mutations. The approach is to try to eradicate every last myeloid cell and hope that the patient survives. This has been the basic modus operandi of transplantation for the past 30 years. 1. The science behind the therapeutic use of radiation therapy owes much to efforts by the Seattle group led by Appelbaum and Clift, who rigorously studied the ability of total body irradiation to eradicate leukemia. In the late 1970s, they demonstrated the efficacy of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation BMT ; for early consolidation therapy in patients with AML in first remission Thomas et al, 1979 ; . These results were confirmed by other groups. In 1990, the same group showed that the relapse of AML was inversely related to the dose of total body irradiation. Patients who received 12.0 Gy as part of an allogeneic transplant had a 3-year 35% relapse rate compared with a 13% relapse probability for patients who received 15.75 Gy Clift et al, 1990 ; . However, this decreased relapse rate was counterbalanced by an increase in toxicity. Indeed, some of these patients died of pulmonary complications. This and other studies have shown that radiation intensity plays a role in eradicating leukemia. Since then, much effort has been invested in pursuing ways to deliver increasing dose intensity with less toxicity and greater safety. For example, this year Pagel et al published a report on the use of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to deliver targeted radiation therapy combined with ablative busulfan and cyclophosphamide prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation to treat AML in first remission Pagel et al, 2006 ; . This regimen was well tolerated and resulted in an encouragingly high remission rate. The rationale for ablative approaches remains validated, and the question is, when is the right time to do it. 2. Part of the problem with any targeted therapy is that leukemia involves cells at various stages of development, including differentiating myeloblasts, stem cells, and sometimes even pleuripotent stem cells. No single molecular target encompasses all of these cell types and
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Autonomic function tests eg tilt-table testing ; if autonomic symptoms, syncope or postural hypotension are prominent. Infectious disease screening if there is a possibility of chlamydia Chia and Chia 1999 ; , Epstein-Barr, HIV, hepatitis B C, Lyme disease, mycoplasma, Q Fever etc. MRI brain scan if multiple sclerosis is considered possible.
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The ISMP recommendations consider it as a standard that prescribers, nurses and pharmacists are able to access electronically inpatient and outpatient laboratory values while working in their respective inpatient locations.5, 6 It is also assumed that community pharmacies have computer-based databases on medicine history, allergies, conditions of co-morbidity and or chronic diseases and recent patient-specific clinical data such as blood glucose levels, liver enzymes, renal function, blood pressure and cholesterol levels to support clinical drug monitoring. Even if computerised systems do not exist, these aspects of care are crucial in preventing medication errors. Therefore, a lot of efforts need to be put on them to assure easy access to patient information at all levels of care and rivastigmine.