The MPRs for some individual medicines were extremely high e.g. the MPR for fluconazole was 99.62 IB ; , 58.63 MSG ; and 55.65 LPG ; . The MPR for IB mebendazole was 52.86. Conversely, some MPRs were low and were therefore purchased efficiently, e.g. the MPR for beclometasone inhaler was 0.23 MSG and LPG ; . See Figure 1.
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Chip Mason is Chairman of the Board, President and CEO of Legg Mason, Inc., as well as Chairman of the Board and CEO of Legg Mason Wood Walker, Inc. principal subsidiary of Legg Mason, Inc. ; Mr. Mason is a Trustee and member of the executive committee of both the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Medicine. He is Chairman-Elect of the Johns Hopkins University. He serves on the Maryland Economic Development Commission, the Executive Committee of the 2012 Baltimore Washington Olympics, and on the Board of The Downtown Partnership of Baltimore. He is Chairman of the Partners in Excellence, a program of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, and is Honorary Chairman of the Children's Scholarship Fund in Baltimore.
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ANPA ABSTRACTS P37. Minimal traumatic brain injury mTBI ; produces cognitive deficits, behavioral disturbances and alteration of anxiety in mice Anat Milman, Ronit Weizman, Shaul Schreiber, Cahim G. Chagi ; Pick. Department of Anatomy & Anthropology, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Israel ; . shaulsch tasmc.health.gov.il.
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Published 5 april 2006 in ann pharmacother , 40 4 ; : 658-6 full-text of this article is available online may require subscription and
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Cysticercosis is common in Mexico, Central and South America, Africa, India, China, Eastern Europe, and Indonesia. Both praziquantel and albendazole are effective drugs for treating cysticercosis, but the latter is preferred 15 mg kg day for 1030 days, or up to 400 mg twice daily for 1030 days ; . The dose of praziquantel is 5075 mg day for 15 days. Corticosteroids are often prescribed as adjunctive treatment to prevent serious allergic reactions to dying larvae. Trichinosis--This disease also called trichinellosis ; occurs worldwide, except in Australia, and is most often acquired when people eat raw or undercooked pork containing the larval cysts of the parasite Trichinella spiralis. Trichinosis, however, can also be acquired by the ingestion of undercooked meat of other carnivorous animals and wild game such as black bear, polar bear, walrus, wild boar, bush pigs, and wart hogs. During the first week after ingestion, the larvae in the intestine develop into adult worms, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and prostration. Next, there is tissue invasion by newly produced larvae, bringing fever, headache, swelling of the eyelids and face, conjunctivitis, muscle pain, weakness, and hives. Symptoms caused by larval invasion of the heart and central nervous system include heart rhythm disturbances and seizures. Treatment with prednisone 60 mg day ; is used in acute trichinosis to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. Albendazole, 400 mg twice daily for 14 days, is the treatment of choice. An alternative treatment is mebendazole, 400 mg, three times daily for 4 days, then 400500 mg day for 10 days. Adequate cooking will prevent this infection. Freezing, smoking, or pickling is as effective.
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Received May 3, 2005. Accepted May 9, 2005. This study was supported by the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine MZO 00023001 ; . Corresponding author: Michal Kudla, Department of Transplant Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videsk 1958 9, 140 Prague 4, Czech Republic. Tel.: + 420 ; 261 364 105; Fax: + 420 ; 261 362 822; e-mail: michal.kudla centrum.cz Abbreviations: BN Brown Norway, dFdC 2'2'-difluorodeoxycytidine, LEW Lewis, SBT small bowel transplantation and
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Table 2. Comparison of Wasted Blood Between 1994 and 1999 1994 Rejected on Testing Autologous Wasted Outdated wasted unaccounted for 432, 000 529, 000 1, 801, 000 1999 226, 000 284, 000 1, 260, 000 % Change -47.7% -46.3% -30.0 and
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Channel blockers represented 38% of prescriptions for antihypertensive agents, whereas -blockers and diuretics accounted for only 11% and 8%, respectively.27 One reason could be the massive and overt marketing campaigns of pharmaceutical companies. Numerous studies have detailed the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on physician prescribing patterns.28 30 One particular study found that 40% of primary care physicians incorrectly reported that calcium channel blockers were 50% more likely to achieve normal blood pressure than thiazide diuretics and reduce the risk of stroke.31 Calcium channel blockers are among the most heavily marketed and most commonly detailed drugs. It is important and reasonable for physicians to demand evidence to support claims of drug superiority before changing prescribing patterns. This review of newer literature and the current JNC VI guidelines serve as excellent resources for physicians treating patients with hypertension, for instance, mebendazole overdose.
Previous study reported a decrease of number of Trichuris eggs which nearly disappeared in 5-7 days after taking mebendazole 12 ; . It was subsequently decided that day 7 after treatment would be the optimal period to observe the curable condition. It was believed that in the present study of eggs should not appear in the fecal sample of curable subjects and it would be too early to have eggs in fecal samples from new infection. Benzimidazole inhibits cell division and glucose absorption in the digestive tract of the worms. This action results in the expulsion of the worm by peristalsis movement of the intestines. This will be highly effective to nematodes but not so effective for flatworms which can absorb food through the teguments as well as the digestive tracts. The treatment of flukes with benzimidazole for a single dose is therefore less effective. The potency of benzimidazole anthelmintics is enlarged by prolonging the duration of exposure of the parasite to the compound or its active metabolites. Consequently, repeated low doses can be equally or more effective than a single high dose 13 ; . In the present study, the drug administration period was only one day like in the treatment of general intestinal nematodes; if it had been extended to a longer period the cure rate may have been higher. In a previous study, albendazole at a dosage of 400 mg twice daily for 3 days and 7 days was found to have an effect on opisthorchiasis viverrini 14 ; . While in the present study it was slightly lower than one third to two fifth of the cure rate obtained with praziquantel now considered effective for the treatment of most trematodes 2 ; . However, it is still ineffective in Fasciola hepatica infection 15-17 ; and has no effect on nematodes seen in multiple intestinal helminthic infections. The 42.5% and 32.4% of cure rates by albendazole and mebendazole were higher than the rates obtained by the drugs against trichuriasis 18 ; . For small intestinal fluke infections, multiple dose regimens should be applied in order to have a complete cure. No small intestinal flukes were found in mice treated with albendazole syrup given in two divided doses 19 ; . Albendazole has produced a higher cure rate than mebendazole for these small fluke infections. In comparative trials with mebendazole, the efficacy of a single dose was similar in the treatment of A. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm. The treatment using multiple doses 100 mg twice a day for three days of mebendazole is highly effective against the soil-transmitted helminths 20 ; . It seems mebendazole requiring administration over an extended and
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Plenary reactions Q: When addressing risk factors for intestinal helminths, was the use of footwear and occupational exposure of adults considered? How could low intensity cause anaemia? A: Occupation was not a risk factor, and footwear was not taking into the analyses as no one was wearing shoes. As for the low intensity causing anaemia, it was due to a nutrient shortage plus the presence of other infections among the group. Comparative study of different albendazole and mebendazole regimens for treatment of intestinal infections in school children of Usigu Division, Western Kenya By: Eric Muchiri, DVBD dvbd wanachi Research context Compare the effectiveness of albendazole and mebendazole treatment on geo-helminth infections among school children. Summary of findings ABZ was more effective in cure rates and egg reduction for hookworm and Trichuris infections compared to MBZ, but also more costly. Conclusion recommendations School absenteeism and drop-out rates are high in many schools. Therefore more frequent MBZ RX may counteract its lower cost compared to the more effective albendazole given at greater intervals. In a control program focusing at reducing morbidity, transmission, and secondary conditions, such as iron deficiency anaemia and protein energy malnutrition, ABZ may be preferred over MBZ School-based interventions against micronutrient Deficiencies and helminth infections By: Henrik Friis, Inst. of Public Health h iss pubhealth.ku Research context Assess the impact of multi- helminth chemotherapy and multi- micronutrient supplementation on nutritional status and helminth re-infection rate and intensity. Summary of findings Nutritional status is poor and parasitic infections are widespread Micronutrient supplementation increases vitamin A status and Multi-chemotherapy increases vitamin A status in S. mansoni infected. Multi- micronutrient supplementation increases haemoglobin levels and Multi- helminth chemotherapy increases haemoglobin levels Micronutrient supplementation reduces S. mansoni re- infection Conclusion recommendations Multi- micronutrient supplementation and multi- helminth chemotherapy are a feasible schoolbased intervention which increase haemoglobin and vitamin A status probably other nutrients and reduces S. mansoni re-infections. Multi- micronutrient supplementation and multi- helminths chemotherapy should be considered as part of school health programmes.
CLASS PLAN Introduction Most Americans get little to no strenuous exercise. Strenuous exercise is needed to work the heart and get rid of excess fat and calories. There is evidence to suggest that even low to moderate exercise provides short and long term benefits. If you do these daily, they can help reduce the risk for heart disease. Some activities that are low to moderate exercise are walking, stair climbing, gardening, yard work, moderate to heavy housework, dancing, and home exercise. More strenuous exercise will improve the fitness of your heart and lungs. But, you dont have to train like you are going to the Olympics. Any activity that gets you moving around will improve your health status, even if it is only done for a few minutes every day. The hardest thing to do is just get started. One way is to schedule exercise into your day, and stick to your plan. Another is to have a buddy to do things with you. Both of you will be more likely to start and keep with it and
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The isolated nucleic acid or polypeptide molecules of the invention can be used in detection assays screening and drug discovery assay 20070212702 - recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer - recurrent gene fusions of androgen regulated genes and ets family member genes in prostate cancer are described.
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Subsequent reports have questioned this observation and recommend that breastfeeding can continue during mdbendazole therapy 8, 9 reprotox r ; albendazole albendazole is an anthelminthic marketed as valbazen and zental.
Group has recommended that creatinine clearance should be checked both before and after initiating conventional NSAIDs and the COX-2 selective agents 27 ; . A creatinine clearance slide rule was developed, allowing physicians to align the patient's serum creatinine level against weight and read the calculated creatinine clearance according to the patient's age and sex. It is available upon request by e-mail at creatinineclearance aol . The COX-2 selective agents do not offer greater renal safety. The risk of NSAID-associated renal dysfunction is low in most people, and renal complications are usually reversible on timely withdrawal of the NSAID in individuals without previous renal disease. In situations of renal compromise or in concomitant therapy with drugs affecting renal function eg, diuretics, antihypertensives and.
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Concepts within CTV3 have a linguistic role of either attribute or non-attribute see the document "Clinical Terms Version 3 - Main File Structure: Overview and Technical Description" ; . Non-attributes can further be divided into "core concepts" and "value only concepts". The former types core concepts ; are explicit clinical findings or procedures that form the core of a clinical record e.g. Myocardial infarction, Cholecystectomy. The latter types value only concepts ; relate to concepts describing detail that one would not record in isolation and always add detail to core concepts such as anatomical sites, organisms etc. e.g. Skin of thigh, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; . When this additional detail using value only concepts1 ; is applied they are described as being qualifiers to core concepts. Qualifiers are extra information that may be used along with any 'core concept' such as a procedure, diagnosis, investigation, or symptom. They are described using an attribute e.g. Site ; and a value e.g. Hip joint structure ; . However, not all qualifiers have the same function or role and attributevalue pairs may describe other types of information. We can distinguish between: Qualifiers for detail Atoms which describe the intrinsic characteristics of a concept Facts about the world Qualifiers for establishing the context of use of a concept Qualifiers describing uncertainty or the state of execution of an action and
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Table 2 Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance Table Intent to Treat Population - PAR116 Effect --Dose Investigator Week Dose by Week DF 3 12 7 21 Type III F --5.69 1.31 23.32 2.50 Pr F --0.0007 0.2077 0.0001 0.0002.
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T.solium: pork tapeworm; causes cysticercosis cysticercal disease, cysticerciasis, cysticercus disease, Taenia solium cysticercosis; disease caused by larval form ; , enteritis pork tapeworm infection, taeniasis solium; infection of intestine with adult tapeworm ; , eye infections, nonpyogenic meningitis infrequent in impaired cell-mediated immunity ; , thyroiditis; cysticerci in brain parenchyma, in vitreous and anterior chamber of eye, in subcutaneous tissue and in skeletal and cardiac muscle; adults free in lumen of small intestine scolex attached transmission vertebrate-human by ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated food or water source animal and human faeces ; , or autoinfection by ingestion of cysticerci; diagnosis: segments, ova, scolices in faeces or from perianal area, haemagglutination of serum and CSF, ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay, indirect fluorescent antibody titre, histology of biopsied nodules; treatment: mebendazole, albendazole, praziquantel + dexamethasone or prednisone in neurocysticercosis ; T.taeniaeformis: less frequent cause of taeniasis Multiceps: larval forms cause coenurosis coenuriasis ; in herbivorous animals, especially sheep gid, staggers, sturdy ; and, rarely, in man cerebral or ocular cysts usually beneath conjunctiva ; acquired by accidental ingestion of eggs M auni: larval forms produce cysts in man M.glomeratus: larval forms produce cysts in man M.multiceps: ` gidworm'most common cause of coenurosis ; M rialis: larval forms produce cysts in man Echinococcus: tapeworm of animals; larval stage causes echinococcosis, adult hepatitis, thyroiditis; 1 of most important helminthiases transmitted from animals to man; diagnostic stage in CNS, liver, spleen, lung; diagnosis: eosinophilia, identification of scolices, larval capsules or daughter cysts, complement fixation test, indirect haemagglutination titre, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, RAST, bentonite flocculation test, latex agglutination, indirect immunofluorescene, immunodiffusion, passive haemagglutination; treatment: thiabendazole, albendazole E.granulosus: hydatid worm; causes echinococcosis cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcus disease, unilocular echinococcosis, unilocular hydatid disease, unilocular hydatidosis; chronic disease, usually of liver or lungs, less frequently brain, bone or other organs; larvae become lodged in an organ and produce a well-defined, usually spherical, hydatid cyst, which may rupture and cause anaphylactic or allergic reactions and dissemination to other organs; acquired by ingestion of ova spread by infected dogs ; , enteritis, raised intracranial pressure; diagnosis: X-ray, serology; treatment: surgery E.multilocularis: alveolar hydatid worm; causes echinococcosis alveolar echinococcosis, alveolar hydatid, alveolar hydatid cyst, alveolar hydatid disease, alveolar hydatidosis, malignant hydatid, multilocular echinococcosis, multilocular hydatidosis; larvae produce tumour-like alveolar cysts that spread by direct tissue infiltration as a rule, small vesicle develops initially and soon, through both exogenous and endogenous budding of germinative membrane, new small cysts are given off in every direction until they finally form a tight cluster of small vesicles liver most frequently invaded organ; less common than echinococcosis due to E.granulosus; usually fatal if not treated; usually acquired by accidental ingestion of ova from excreta of infected foxes, dogs or cats ; , enteritis E.oligarthus: causes echinococcosis polycystic hydatid disease; most commonly in liver but cysts may spread to other sites; uncommon; acquired by accidental ingestion of ova from faeces of infected dogs ; E.vogelsi: uncommon cause of echinococcosis polycystic hydatid disease; Central America and Northern S America; acquired by accidental ingestion of ova from faeces of infected dogs Family Hymenolepidae Hymenolepis: causes hymenolepiasis hymenolepidosis; disease only results from heavy infection; mild infection usually asymptomatic diagnosis: ova in faeces 30 d after infection; treatment: praziquantel, niclosamide, paromomycin H.diminuta: rat tapeworm; ova spherical, 80-98 ? m, striated shell, yellow, polar filaments absent; of minor importance in human infections hymenolepiasis due to H.diminuta hymenolepiasis diminuta, rat tapeworm infection ; is uncommon, clinically resembles that due to H.nana, and is acquired by ingestion of infected fleas or beetles ; H.nana: dwarf tapeworm; ova oval or spherical, 48-55X55-62 ? m, shell nonstriated, colourless, polar filaments present; present in 0.1% of travellers from tropics; hymenolepiasis due to H.nana dwarf tapeworm infection, hymenolepiasis nana ; is a result of heavy intestinal infection; infection is acquired by ingestion of ova or in autoinfection ; cysticercoids.
Introduction Cotugnia digonopora, a fowl intestinal cestode, responds to certain anthelmintic compounds by changes in metabolism involving reduced uptake of sugar, a shift towards increased lactate production Pampori et al., 1984a ; , and drastic inhibition of energy generation in the mitochondria Pampori et al., 1984b ; . To elucidate these changes we investigated the effect of various anthelmintics on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Materials and methods Chemicals Most of the chemicals used were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Among anthelmintics used, the compound 75 98 ; was the product of Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. The rest of anthelmintics were obtained as gifts from their respective manufacturers, niclosamide from Bayer, A. G., FRG; mebendazple from Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium; and Praziquantel from E-Merck, Darmstadt, FRG.
Patent. 9 If the applicant files in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions, then the application describing the drug publishes within 18 months of its filing, and the published application would not be prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102 b ; if the metabolite application is filed within the year of the publication, i.e., thirty months after filing the application to the drug. Further, to maximize the term of patent protection for the drug, the metabolite application should be filed as a provisional application, since the twenty-year term of a patent is measured from the date of filing of the application for examination and not the provisional application. Thus, it may be possible to extend patent protection to the drug by an additional 42 months, provided the metabolite application claims priority to the provisional application and does not claim benefit of the drug application.10 Frequently, the applicants who invented the drug are the same inventors who discover the metabolite. If the inventive entity for the metabolite application is the same as that for the drug application, then the metabolite application would not be "to another". Consequently, such drug application or patent would not be prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102 a ; or e ; .11 Further, since the metabolite is not identical to the drug, there would be no 35 U.S.C. 101 double patenting concerns. Moreover, obviousness double patenting is obviated if it, because mebendazole solubility.
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Gremke, 1986 ; , yet all 28 mutations that confer resistance to benzimidazoles map to one gene, ben-1. Because apparently complete resistance to benzimidazoles is observed in animals lacking the ben-1 locus, it seems that this gene encodes a 3-tubulin that is uniquely sensitive to the effects of these drugs. Further support for this conclusion comes from the finding that mutations of C. elegans that confer resistance to another benzimidazole, mebendazole Woods et al., 1989 ; , are allelic to ben-1 Reilly, E., and M. Chalfie, unpublished data ; . It remains possible, however, that rare mutations conferring benzimidazole resistance by effecting interacting proteins occurring at a frequency of 10 -~ ; could be isolated in a more extensive screen. Benomyl-resistant alleles were isolated at high frequency ~10 -~ ; in our EMS mutagenesis. Since this is the frequency at which mutations that eliminate gene function arise in C. elegans Brenner, 1974; Greenwald and Horvitz, 1980 ; , we expected that many of the bend alleles were loss of function alleles. In support of this expectation, the mebendazole-resistant mutants of Woods et al. 1989 ; were found to lack one ~-tubulin isotype. Five of the bend alleles identified in our screen were, in fact, deletions. Since ben deletion ; + heterozygotes exhibit drug resistance the mutant phenotype ; , bend can be termed a haploinsufficient locus: i.e., having only a single copy of the wild-type gene is sufficient to create the mutant phenotype. We originally concluded that bend was not haploinsufficient [Chalfie et al., 1986]; however, those experiments used preexisting deletions that are incorrectly listed to include the bend gene [see genetic map in Wood, 1988]. ; The simplest explanation for the dominant effects of the ben-1 deletion mutations is that they lower the intracellular amount of a sensitive ~-tubulin, rendering the drugs ineffective. The high frequency of isolation of EMS mutations at the bend locus and the existence of deletion alleles producing the same phenotype as the EMS alleles suggest that most, if not all, of the dominant alleles result from a loss of ben-1 activity and not from elevated expression of the wild-type ben-1 gene to dilute out the deleterious effects of the drugs. Some alleles, which retain partial sensitivity, may be mutations that lessen the effectiveness of benomyl binding. It is possible that interactions among tubulins could explain benzimidazole resistance in animals harboring ben-1 deletions. In yeast, increased a-tubulin gene dosage increases benzimidazole resistance, whereas lowered ot-tubulin gene dosage enhances sensitivity to these drugs Schatz et al., 1986 ; . Thus, the intracellular ratio of ~- to ~-tubulin subunits might be crucial in determining drug sensitivity. We consider this mechanism less likely than the one discussed above because we observe complete drug resistance rather than enhancement or diminution.
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Beaker capacity 150-mL ; containing 100 mL of dissolution medium was immersed in the water contained in the 1000-mL vessel, which was, in turn, in the water bath of the apparatus. The tablets were placed in the baskets of the apparatus and immersed in the dissolution medium containing rat caecal contents. The experiment was carried out with continuous CO2 supply into the medium to simulate anaerobic environment of the caecum. The amount of drug in the entire quantity of the dissolution medium, i, .e., either 900 mL of 0.1 M HCl, 900 mL of pH 7.4 phosphate buffer or 100 mL of rat caecal content medium simulated colonic fluids-I or simulated colonic fluids-II ; at the end of 2, 5, 10, and 24 h respectively was estimated by HPLC. In case of drug estimation in 0.1 M HCl and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, the entire quantity of dissolution medium 900 mL ; after dissolution study was transferred to 1000-mL volumetric flask containing glacial acetic acid about 70 mL ; . The contents were sonicated well for complete dissolution of albendazole and made upto volume with glacial acetic acid. One milliliter of this mixture was transferred to 10-mL volumetric flask containing 1 mL of mebendazole solution 20 g ; , made upto volume with respective blank dissolution fluids, filtered through 0.4 m membrane filter and the filtrate was subjected to HPLC analysis as described above. The drug released in rat caecal content medium was estimated by HPLC as follows. The entire quantity of rat caecal content medium 100 mL ; at the end of the study was transferred to 250-mL volumetric flask containing about 100 mL of glacial acetic acid. The contents were shaken to completely dissolve the eroded drug particles and made upto volume. One milliliter of the sample from this flask was added to 10-mL volumetric flask containing 1 mL of mebendazole 20 g ; , made upto volume, transferred to centrifuge tubes.
