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A slew of new products and promotional activities commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Brit pop group's American debut. By Tamara Conniff The day of the Beatles' Feb. 9, 1964 debut on "The Ed Sullivan Show, " Ringo Starr and George Harrison were sitting backstage in the hallway outside their tiny dressing room, leisurely sipping Cokes. Little did they know that a record- Pictured: From the cover of the DVD of "The Beatles: The 1st U.S. Visit" breaking 73 million Americans would tune in to the broadcast. The Fab Four -- Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Starr and Harrison -- had arrived in the United States. On Saturday, it will be 40 years since the Beatles landed in New York -- and Beatlemania shows no sign of slowing. Beatles music and paraphernalia generate hundreds of millions of dollars annually; the group's "1" album, released in 2000, went to No. 1 in 35 nations and has sold more than 26 million copies worldwide. What's more, the Beatles' fan base continues to grow among new generations; according to Capitol Records, 42.5% of customers who bought "1" were under 30. A committee of Beatles enthusiasts and scholars, working under the banner "The Fab 40, " has organized a slew of commemorative events, DVD reissues and exhibits in honor of the anniversary. A film and TV tribute, featuring highlights of the "Sullivan" episode and a new 35mm print of the Beatles' first film, 1964's "A Hard Day's Night, " will take place Sunday at the Lincoln Center in New York. A forum of experts will be on hand to discuss the band, including Robert Freeman, who created "Night's" title sequence and was the photographer and designer of its soundtrack album jacket; Beatles scholar Martin Lewis; concert promoter Sid Bernstein; Albert Maysles, who documented the Beatles' first visit to the United States; and Bruce Spizer, author of the new coffee-table book "The Beatles Are Coming! The Birth of Beatlemania in America." On Sunday, CBS will salute the Beatles during the Grammy Awards telecast. On Monday, 1960s radio icon Cousin Brucie and a Beatles tribute band will take the stage at New York's Hard Rock Cafe to celebrate the anniversary of the group's "Sullivan" appearance, and CBS' "Late Show With David Letterman" will reair a vintage performance. A new DVD, "The Four Complete Historic Ed Sullivan Shows Featuring the Beatles, " also has been released. The American Film Institute in Maryland on Friday launched a weeklong tribute to the film work of the Beatles. In Washington, the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution has opened an exhibit of 71 black-and-white Beatles photographs from the archives of CBS and Life magazine photojournalist Bill Eppridge, titled "The Beatles! Backstage and Behind the Scenes." Also this week, Apple Corps Capitol Records released a DVD edition of the Maysles brothers' 1964 documentary "The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit, " originally televised in the United States and the United Kingdom. Shot in blackand-white by Albert and David Maysles 1970's "Gimme Shelter, " 1969's "Salesman" ; , the DVD also features never-before-seen footage. "I got a call one day from Grenada TV, and they said: 'The Beatles are arriving at Idlewild Airport now John F. Kennedy Airport ; in two hours. Would you like to make a film of them?'" says Albert Maysles, 77, who spent five days and five nights with the band. "So I put my hand over the phone, and I turned to my brother and said: 'Who are the Beatles? Are they any good?' And he said, 'Oh yeah; they're good.' So we both got on the phone, made a deal and rushed out to the airport. We started filming them as they were getting off the plane -- the rest is history. We hopped into the limousine with them, and off we went." Harrison's sister, Louise Harrison, was with the Beatles during their first visit and recalls the mobs of groupies. "No one was really prepared for what happened, " she says. "For my parents, particularly, they received mail from all over the world and took the time and trouble to respond to as many of the letters as they could; they were answering thousands of letters every week. To this day, I run into people who still have a tattered scrap of paper that they've had in their pocket for 40 years from my mum and dad. That's the kind of family George came from." Feb. 7, 1964 was not George Harrison's first visit to the United States. He and his brother Peter had visited Louise, who was living in Illinois, in September 1963. "I think the first time was probably George's best impression of America because it was normal, " Louise Harrison says. "He met all the wonderful downto-earth hometown people from Southern Illinois. It truly is heart of the county -- people are really kind." February 2004 and lioresal. TABLE 2. Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants in the Control Group.

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We have looked at the effect of placing magnetic fields of various strengths at different depths inside the Sun, and compared the results with observations related to the irradiance, effective temperature and frequency changes in the Sun as a function of activity. Given that most evidence points to changes taking place in the outer layers of the Sun, we have paid particular attention to convection and turbulence. Our best models include properties of convection and turbulence as obtained from 3-D simulations of convection in the outer layers of the Sun. We find that a variable magnetic field is not enough to reproduce the observable solar cycle related changes in the Sun. While the irradiance and effective temperature variations can be reproduced by many magnetic-field configurations, the changes in the oscillation frequencies are not easy to reproduce. A variable magnetic field at the base of the convection zone that can reproduce the observed irradiance and temperature changes produces observable changes in the position of the base. Such changes are not seen in the Sun. Additionally, the frequency changes are not reproduced. The shape of the frequency changes as a function of frequency requires a shallow magnetic field. However, this does not reproduce the sign of the changes. Observations show that solar frequencies increase with increase in activity, while in the models an increase in the magnetic field led to decrease in frequencies. We find that a crucial role is played by turbulence in the sub-surface layers. To reproduce the sign of the frequency change, we need to introduce a negative feedback between turbulence and magnetic fields. A negative feedback is not surprising since magnetic fields are known to inhibit turbulence. We are currently in the process of developing codes to construct two dimensional solar models that will enable us to test more realistic magnetic field configurations. The SDS Program: During this past year we have been developing sophisticated techniques to analyze data obtained during all the past flights of the SDS for which the instrument had acquired the final stable configuration. Those flights occurred in 1992, 1994, 1995, and 2001. We find that the solar diameter during the descending phase of the activity cycle was increasing. Although the phase of the increase agrees with the result from the analysis of the f-mode oscillations, the magnitude is substantially larger. Although both experiments measure the radius changes at different solar layers, it will be interesting to understand those different results. Convection Simulations: In the case of the Sun we find that the mixing length theory breaks down within about 1000 Km of the solar surface. 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